| Table 8. Estimates of wage Differentials in nonprofit sector relative to for-profit and public sectors: 1994-2024. | ||||||||
| Unadjusted wage premium | Adjusted wage premium | |||||||
| Year | Relative to for-profit | Relative to public | R-Squared | Sample size | Relative to for-profit | Relative to public | R-squared | Sample size |
| 1994 | .08 | -.14 | .02 | 169,102 | -.04 | -.03 | .50 | 169,102 |
| (11.88) | (19.36) | (7.80) | (4.45) | |||||
| 1995 | .08 | -.13 | .02 | 168,610 | -.04 | -.03 | .50 | 168,610 |
| (12.19) | (18.53) | (7.16) | (5.45) | |||||
| 1996 | .06 | -.16 | .02 | 117,448 | -.05 | -.06 | .57 | 117,448 |
| (7.79) | (20.43) | (9.39) | (8.87) | |||||
| 1997 | .06 | -.15 | .02 | 119,552 | -.05 | -.05 | .56 | 119,552 |
| (8.52) | (19.15) | (8.09) | (7.58) | |||||
| 1998 | .06 | -.14 | .02 | 118,889 | -.06 | -.05 | .55 | 118,889 |
| (8.09) | (17.76) | (10.28) | (7.77) | |||||
| 1999 | .05 | -.14 | .02 | 114,439 | -.05 | -.04 | .56 | 114,439 |
| (6.60) | (18.33) | (8.57) | (6.31) | |||||
| 2000 | .05 | -.13 | .01 | 112,154 | -.04 | -.04 | .56 | 112,154 |
| (7.01) | (16.79) | (6.46) | (6.67) | |||||
| 2001 | .04 | -.12 | .01 | 117,474 | -.05 | -.04 | .55 | 117,474 |
| (6.54) | (15.69) | (9.50) | (6.11) | |||||
| 2002 | .06 | -.11 | .01 | 127,245 | -.04 | -.04 | .55 | 127,245 |
| (9.27) | (14.97) | (8.17) | (6.76) | |||||
| 2003 | .06 | -.12 | .01 | 121,990 | -.06 | -.04 | .56 | 121,990 |
| (8.95) | (16.00) | (10.64) | (7.06) | |||||
| 2004 | .07 | -.12 | .01 | 120,592 | -.06 | -.04 | .56 | 120,592 |
| (10.25) | (16.11) | (12.11) | (6.84) | |||||
| 2005 | .07 | -.11 | .01 | 122,710 | -.06 | -.05 | .57 | 122,710 |
| (11.57) | (15.36) | (11.63) | (7.66) | |||||
| 2006 | .09 | -.10 | .01 | 122,180 | -.05 | -.04 | .56 | 122,180 |
| (13.66) | (13.00) | (9.61) | (6.68) | |||||
| 2007 | .10 | -.10 | .02 | 122,493 | -.05 | -.04 | .56 | 122,493 |
| (15.03) | (12.91) | (9.23) | (6.58) | |||||
| 2008 | .09 | -.10 | .01 | 121,114 | -.06 | -.05 | .56 | 121,114 |
| (13.07) | (13.48) | (11.12) | (7.68) | |||||
| 2009 | .11 | -.09 | .02 | 118,091 | -.05 | -.05 | .56 | 118,091 |
| (16.38) | (11.71) | (10.23) | (7.56) | |||||
| 2010 | .11 | -.11 | .02 | 111,900 | -.05 | -.06 | .57 | 111,900 |
| (16.59) | (13.93) | (9.65) | (8.70) | |||||
| 2011 | .11 | -.11 | .02 | 109,205 | -.05 | -.04 | .56 | 109,205 |
| (16.65) | (13.49) | (8.26) | (6.32) | |||||
| 2012 | .12 | -.09 | .02 | 110,557 | -.04 | -.05 | .56 | 110,557 |
| (17.25) | (11.43) | (7.95) | (7.48) | |||||
| 2013 | .12 | -.09 | .02 | 107,116 | -.05 | -.04 | .57 | 107,116 |
| (17.07) | (10.71) | (8.13) | (5.67) | |||||
| 2014 | .13 | -.08 | .02 | 105,725 | -.05 | -.05 | .56 | 105,725 |
| (17.89) | (9.14) | (8.88) | (6.36) | |||||
| 2015 | .11 | -.09 | .01 | 101,304 | -.04 | -.05 | .55 | 101,304 |
| (15.06) | (10.52) | (7.13) | (6.69) | |||||
| 2016 | .12 | -.06 | .01 | 102,754 | -.06 | -.03 | .55 | 102,754 |
| (15.92) | (7.15) | (9.70) | (4.64) | |||||
| 2017 | .11 | -.06 | .01 | 101,522 | -.05 | -.03 | .55 | 101,522 |
| (14.71) | (7.54) | (8.15) | (4.54) | |||||
| 2018 | .10 | -.05 | .01 | 98,483 | -.05 | -.03 | .54 | 98,483 |
| (13.33) | (5.48) | (7.80) | (3.99) | |||||
| 2019 | .11 | -.03 | .01 | 94,818 | -.05 | -.03 | .54 | 94,818 |
| (13.76) | (3.71) | (8.45) | (3.79) | |||||
| 2020 | .09 | -.04 | .01 | 85,156 | -.06 | -.03 | .54 | 85,156 |
| (11.35) | (4.03) | (9.49) | (4.19) | |||||
| 2021 | .10 | -.03 | .01 | 83,758 | -.06 | -.04 | .53 | 83,758 |
| (11.63) | (3.14) | (9.01) | (4.91) | |||||
| 2022 | .07 | -.03 | .00 | 83,761 | -.06 | -.04 | .52 | 83,761 |
| (9.06) | (2.74) | (8.55) | (4.35) | |||||
| 2023 | .09 | -.01 | .00 | 81,904 | -.04 | -.04 | .48 | 81,904 |
| (10.58) | (.65) | (5.19) | (4.18) | |||||
| 2024 | .10 | .01 | .00 | 84,784 | -.02 | -.02 | .48 | 84,784 |
| (13.08) | (1.53) | (3.33) | (2.45) | |||||
| Note: t-statistics are in parentheses. Data Source for estimates is the Current Population Survey (CPS) Outgoing Rotation Group (ORG) Earnings Files, 1994 to 2024. Sample includes employed wage and salary workers, ages 16 and over. The sample excludes workers with allocated earnings, and hourly wages in bottom and top 0.5% of wages. The adjusted premium model includes controls also includes schooling, female, potential experience and its square, female interacted with potential experience and its square, race/ethnic status (5), region (8), metropolitan population size (6), hours worked category (2), broad industry (21), and detailed occupation (451). | ||||||||
| © 2025 by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even. The use of this data requires citation. | ||||||||